Igihe kirageze kandi ahantu harakwiye, kandi amasosiyete yose yimodoka yamashanyarazi yabashinwa arahari.Ubushinwa busa nkaho bwahindutse ikigo cy’inganda zikoresha amashanyarazi ku isi.
Mubyukuri, mubudage, niba igice cyawe kidatanga ibirundo byo kwishyuza, ushobora kugura wenyine.ku muryango.Ariko, buri gihe turaganira kubwimpamvu amasosiyete menshi yimodoka nziza yo mubudage adashobora gukora Tesla, kandi ntabwo bigoye kubona impamvu ubu.
Mu mwaka wa 2014, Porofeseri Lienkamp wo muri kaminuza ya Tekinike ya Munich yasohoye igitabo gishya cyitwa “Status of mobile mobile 2014 ″, ku buntu kandi cyugururiwe umuryango, maze agira ati:“ Nubwo ibinyabiziga by'amashanyarazi bifite inenge zitandukanye, sinigeze mbona imodoka ko asanzwe afite amashanyarazi.Umushoferi wimodoka, ongera winjire mumodoka yimodoka gakondo.Ndetse n'imodoka ikunze gukoreshwa n'amashanyarazi ikuzanira umunezero wo gutwara, utagereranywa n'imodoka ya lisansi. ”Imodoka nkiyi irashobora rwose gutuma nyir'imodoka atavugurura Gusubira mu maboko yimodoka gakondo?
Nkuko twese tubizi, umutima wikinyabiziga cyamashanyarazi ni bateri.
Ku kinyabiziga gisanzwe cyamashanyarazi, mugihe cyibizamini bisanzwe byu Burayi, gukoresha ingufu kuri kilometero 100 ni 17kWh, ni ukuvuga 17 kWt.Muganga Thomas Pesce yize gukoresha ingufu zimodoka zoroheje muburyo bwiza.Urebye ikiguzi, gukoresha ingufu nziza kuri kilometero 100 wabonye ukoresheje ikoranabuhanga rihari rirenze gato 15kWh.Ibi bivuze ko mugihe gito, kugerageza kugabanya gukoresha ingufu muguhindura imikorere yimodoka ubwayo, kabone niyo utitaye kubiciro byiyongereye, ingaruka zo kuzigama ingufu ni nto.
Fata urugero rwa bateri ya 85kWh ya Tesla.Intera yo gutwara izina ni 500km.Niba ingufu zikoreshwa zigabanutse kugera kuri 15kWh / 100km binyuze mubikorwa bitandukanye, intera yo gutwara irashobora kwiyongera kuri 560km.Kubwibyo, birashobora kuvugwa ko ubuzima bwa bateri yimodoka ihwanye nubushobozi bwa paki ya batiri, kandi coefficient de coiffure irahagaze neza.Dufatiye kuri iyi ngingo, gukoresha bateri zifite ingufu nyinshi (zombi ingufu Wh / kg ku buremere bwingufu hamwe ningufu Wh / L kuri buri gipimo kigomba gutekerezwa) bifite akamaro kanini kunoza imikorere yimodoka zamashanyarazi, kuko muri ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi, bateri ifata igice kinini cyuburemere bwose.
Ubwoko bwose bwa bateri ya lithium-ion niyo itegerejwe cyane kandi ikoreshwa cyane.Batteri ya lithium ikoreshwa mumamodoka cyane cyane harimo nikel cobalt lithium manganate ternary bateri (NCM), nikel cobalt lithium aluminate bateri (NCA) na batiri ya lisiyumu ya fosifate (LPF).
1. Nickel-cobalt lithium manganate ternary bateri NCMikoreshwa n’imodoka nyinshi zikoresha amashanyarazi mumahanga kubera umuvuduko muke wubushyuhe, ugereranije neza, kuramba, nubucucike bwa 150-220Wh / kg.
2. NCA nikel-cobalt aluminate bateri ya lithium
Tesla ikoresha iyi batiri.Ubucucike bw'ingufu ni bwinshi, kuri 200-260Wh / kg, kandi biteganijwe ko bugera kuri 300Wh / kg vuba.Ikibazo nyamukuru nuko Panasonic yonyine ishobora kubyara iyi batiri muri iki gihe, igiciro kiri hejuru, kandi umutekano ni mubi muri bateri eshatu za lithium, bisaba gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe bukabije hamwe na sisitemu yo gucunga bateri.
3. Batiri ya LPF lithium fer fosifate Hanyuma, reka turebe bateri ya LPF ikoreshwa cyane mumodoka yo murugo.Ikibazo gikomeye muri ubu bwoko bwa bateri ni uko ingufu zingana ari nke cyane, zishobora kugera kuri 100-120Wh / kg gusa.Mubyongeyeho, LPF nayo ifite igipimo cyo hejuru cyo kwisohora.Nta na kimwe muri ibyo cyifuzwa nabakora EV.Kwiyongera kwinshi kwa LPF mubushinwa birasa nkubwumvikane bwakozwe nabakora murugo mugucunga bateri ihenze hamwe na sisitemu yo gukonjesha - Batteri ya LPF ifite umutekano muke numutekano muke, kandi irashobora gukora imikorere ihamye nubwo sisitemu yo gucunga nabi bateri ndetse nubuzima bwa bateri.Iyindi nyungu yazanywe niyi mikorere nuko bateri zimwe za LPF zifite ingufu nyinshi zisohora ingufu, zishobora kuzamura imikorere yimodoka.Byongeye kandi, igiciro cya bateri ya LPF kiri hasi cyane, bityo rero irakwiriye ingamba zo hasi kandi zihenze kubinyabiziga byamashanyarazi murugo.Ariko niba bizatezwa imbere cyane nkikoranabuhanga rya batiri yigihe kizaza, haracyari ikibazo cyibibazo.
Bateri yimodoka isanzwe yamashanyarazi igomba kuba ingahe?Nibipaki ya bateri ifite bateri ibihumbi ya Tesla murukurikirane kandi iringaniye, cyangwa ipaki ya batiri yubatswe na bateri nini nini ya BYD?Iki nikibazo kidakorewe ubushakashatsi, kandi kuri ubu nta gisubizo kiboneye.Gusa ibiranga ipaki ya batiri igizwe na selile nini na selile ntoya hano.
Iyo bateri ari nto, ubuso rusange bwo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe bwa bateri izaba nini cyane, kandi ubushyuhe bwibipapuro byose bya batiri birashobora kugenzurwa neza hifashishijwe igishushanyo mbonera cyo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe kugirango hirindwe ubushyuhe bwo hejuru kwihuta no guteshuka kuri ubuzima bwa bateri.Mubisanzwe, imbaraga nimbaraga za bateri zifite ubushobozi buke bumwe bizaba hejuru.Hanyuma, kandi icy'ingenzi, muri rusange, imbaraga nke bateri imwe ifite, niko umutekano wikinyabiziga cyose.Ipaki ya batiri igizwe numubare munini wingirabuzimafatizo, niyo selile imwe yananiwe, ntabwo bizatera ikibazo cyane.Ariko niba hari ikibazo imbere muri bateri ifite ubushobozi bunini, ibyago byumutekano ni byinshi cyane.Kubwibyo, selile nini zisaba ibikoresho byinshi byo kurinda, bikomeza kugabanya ingufu zingana za bateri igizwe na selile nini.
Ariko, hamwe nigisubizo cya Tesla, ibibi nabyo biragaragara.Ibihumbi n'ibihumbi bya bateri bisaba sisitemu yo gucunga bateri igoye cyane, kandi igiciro cyinyongera ntigishobora gusuzugurwa.BMS (Sisitemu yo gucunga bateri) ikoreshwa kuri Volkswagen E-Golf, sub-module ishoboye gucunga bateri 12, igura amadorari 17.Ukurikije igereranyo cy’umubare wa bateri wakoreshejwe na Tesla, nubwo igiciro cya BMS yateje imbere ari gito, ikiguzi cy’ishoramari rya Tesla muri BMS kirenga amadolari y’Amerika 5.000, kikaba kirenga hejuru ya 5% yikiguzi cya imodoka yose.Duhereye kuriyi ngingo, ntibishobora kuvugwa ko bateri nini atari nziza.Mugihe igiciro cya BMS kitagabanutse cyane, ingano yipaki ya batiri igomba kugenwa ukurikije aho imodoka ihagaze.
Nka bundi buhanga bwibanze mu binyabiziga byamashanyarazi, moteri akenshi iba intandaro yibiganiro, cyane cyane moteri ya Tesla ifite ubunini bwa garizone ifite imikorere yimodoka ya siporo, ndetse biratangaje cyane (imbaraga za moteri ya Model S ishobora kugera kuri 300kW, Ntarengwa torque ni 600Nm, kandi imbaraga zo hejuru ziri hafi yimbaraga za moteri imwe ya EMU yihuta).Bamwe mu bashakashatsi mu nganda z’imodoka zo mu Budage batanze ibitekerezo ku buryo bukurikira:
Tesla ntakindi ikoresha usibye ibice bisanzwe (umubiri wa aluminium,moteri idahwitse ya moteri, tekinoroji ya chassis isanzwe hamwe numwukaguhagarikwa, ESP na sisitemu isanzwe ya feri hamwe na pompe vacuum yamashanyarazi, selile zigendanwa nibindi)
Tesla ikoresha ibice byose bisanzwe, umubiri wa aluminium, moteri idahwitse, imiterere yimodoka isanzwe, sisitemu ya feri na bateri ya mudasobwa igendanwa nibindi.
Gusa udushya twukuri turi mubuhanga buhuza bateriselile, ikoresha insinga zihuza Tesla yatanze patenti, kimwe na batirisisitemu yo kuyobora ishobora gucanwa "hejuru yikirere", bivuze koikinyabiziga ntigikeneye gutwara mumahugurwa kugirango yakire ivugurura rya software.
Ubuhanga bwa Tesla bwonyine ni ubuhanga bwabo muri bateri.Bakoresha umugozi wihariye wa bateri, hamwe na BMS ituma imiyoboro itaziguye itagikenewe gusubira mu ruganda kuvugurura software.
Mubyukuri, Tesla ifite ingufu nyinshi zingana na moteri idahwitse ntabwo ari shyashya cyane.Mu modoka ya Tesla ya mbere ya Roadster, hakoreshwa ibicuruzwa bya Tomita Electric yo muri Tayiwani, kandi ibipimo ntaho bitandukaniye cyane n’ibipimo byatangajwe na Model S. Mu bushakashatsi burimo gukorwa, intiti zo mu gihugu ndetse no mu mahanga zifite ibishushanyo mbonera bihenze, bifite ingufu nyinshi. moteri ishobora gushyirwa mubikorwa vuba.Iyo rero urebye kuri uyu murima, irinde imigani ya Tesla - Moteri ya Tesla ni nziza bihagije, ariko ntabwo ari nziza kuburyo ntawundi ushobora kuyubaka.
Mu bwoko bwinshi bwa moteri, izisanzwe zikoreshwa mubinyabiziga byamashanyarazi ahanini ni moteri idafite imbaraga (nanone yitwa moteri ya induction), moteri ya syncronique yishimye hanze, moteri ihoraho ya moteri hamwe na moteri ya Hybride.Abizera ko moteri eshatu za mbere zifite ubumenyi kubijyanye n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi bazagira imyumvire yibanze.Moteri ya Asynchronous ifite igiciro gito kandi cyizewe cyane, moteri ihoraho ya magnetiki synchronous moteri ifite ingufu nyinshi kandi ikora neza, ingano ntoya ariko igiciro kinini, hamwe no kugenzura byihuse byihuta..
Ushobora kuba warumvise bike kubijyanye na moteri ya Hybrid synchronous moteri, ariko vuba aha, abatanga ibinyabiziga byinshi byabanyaburayi batangiye gutanga moteri nkiyi.Ubucucike nubushobozi biri hejuru cyane, kandi ubushobozi burenze urugero burakomeye, ariko kugenzura ntabwo bigoye, bikwiranye cyane nibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi.
Ntakintu kidasanzwe kijyanye na moteri.Ugereranije na moteri ihoraho ya moteri ihoraho, usibye magnesi zihoraho, rotor nayo yongeramo ibintu byishimye bisa na moteri gakondo.Moteri nkiyi ntabwo ifite ingufu nyinshi gusa zizanwa na rukuruzi ihoraho, ariko kandi irashobora guhindura umurima wa rukuruzi ukurikije ibikenewe binyuze mumyuka ishimishije, ishobora kugenzurwa byoroshye kuri buri gice cyihuta.Urugero rusanzwe ni moteri ya HSM1 yakozwe na BRUSA mubusuwisi.HSM1-10.18.22 iranga umurongo ni nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo gikurikira.Imbaraga ntarengwa ni 220kW naho umuriro ntarengwa ni 460Nm, ariko ubunini bwayo ni 24L gusa (cm 30 z'umurambararo na cm 34 z'uburebure) kandi ipima hafi 76kg.Ubucucike bwimbaraga nubucucike bwa torque ahanini bigereranywa nibicuruzwa bya Tesla.Birumvikana ko igiciro kidahendutse.Iyi moteri ifite ibyuma bihindura imirongo, kandi igiciro ni amayero 11,000.
Kubisabwa kubinyabiziga byamashanyarazi, kwegeranya tekinoroji ya moteri birakuze bihagije.Ikibuze kuri ubu ni moteri yagenewe cyane cyane ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi, ntabwo ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora moteri nkiyi.Byizerwa ko hamwe no gukura buhoro buhoro niterambere ryisoko, moteri zifite ingufu nyinshi zizagenda zikundwa cyane, kandi igiciro kizarushaho kwegera abaturage.
Kubisabwa kubinyabiziga byamashanyarazi, kuri ubu harabura gusa moteri yabugenewe kubinyabiziga byamashanyarazi.Byizerwa ko hamwe no gukura buhoro buhoro niterambere ryisoko, moteri zifite ingufu nyinshi zizagenda zimenyekana, kandi igiciro kizarushaho kwegera abaturage.
Ubushakashatsi ku binyabiziga byamashanyarazi bugomba gusubira mubintu.Intego yibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi ni umutekano kandi uhendutse, ntabwo ari laboratoire yikoranabuhanga igendanwa, kandi ntabwo byanze bikunze ikoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho kandi rigezweho.Isesengura rya nyuma, rigomba gutegurwa no gutegurwa ukurikije akarere gakeneye.
Kugaragara kwa Tesla kweretse abantu ko ejo hazaza hagomba kuba ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi.Imodoka z'amashanyarazi zizaza zizaba zimeze nu mwanya Ubushinwa buzaba bufite mu nganda z’amashanyarazi mu bihe biri imbere ntiburamenyekana.Iki nacyo cyiza cyimirimo yinganda: bitandukanye na siyansi karemano, nigisubizo byanze bikunze cyerekanwa namategeko yubumenyi mbonezamubano gisaba abantu kubigeraho binyuze mubushakashatsi nimbaraga!
(Umwanditsi: Umukandida wa PhD mu bijyanye n’imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi muri kaminuza ya tekinike ya Munich)
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-24-2022