Ibintu Ukwiye Kumenya Kumashanyarazi Yimodoka

Abakunzi b'imodoka bamye bakunda abafana kuri moteri, ariko amashanyarazi ntahagarikwa, kandi ubumenyi bwabantu bamwe bushobora gukenera kuvugururwa.

Ikimenyerewe cyane muri iki gihe ni moteri yizunguruka enye, ari nayo soko yingufu kubinyabiziga byinshi bikoresha lisansi.Kimwe na moteri enye, moteri ebyiri na Wankel rotor ya moteri yaka imbere, moteri yimashanyarazi irashobora kugabanywamo moteri ya moteri hamwe na moteri idahwitse ukurikije itandukaniro rya rotor.Moteri ya Asinchronous nayo yitwa moteri ya induction, mugihe moteri ya syncronique irimo magnesi zihoraho.nubu kugirango ushimishe moteri.

Stator na Rotor

Ubwoko bwose bwibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bigizwe nibice bibiri byingenzi: stator na rotor.

Stator ▼

Stator ni igice cya moteri ikomeza guhagarara kandi ni inzu ihamye ya moteri, yashyizwe kuri chassis nka blok ya moteri.Rotor nigice cyonyine cyimuka cya moteri, isa na crankshaft, yohereza umuriro hanze binyuze mumashanyarazi no gutandukana.

Stator igizwe nibice bitatu: intangiriro ya stator, guhinduranya stator.Imiyoboro myinshi ibangikanye mumubiri wa stator yuzuyemo umuringa uhujwe.

Ihinduranya ririmo umusatsi utunganijwe neza wumuringa wongeramo umwanya wuzuza ubucucike no guhuza insinga-to-wire.Umuyaga mwinshi wongera ubushobozi bwa torque, mugihe impera ziranyeganyega neza, bikagabanya ubwinshi kubintu bito bito.

Stator na rotor ▼

Igikorwa nyamukuru cya stator ni ukubyara umurima uzunguruka (RMF), mugihe umurimo wingenzi wa rotor ugomba gucibwa numurongo wingufu za rukuruzi mumuzunguruko wa magneti kugirango ubyare (ibisohoka).

Moteri ikoresha ibyiciro bitatu bisimburana kugirango ishyireho umurima uzunguruka, kandi inshuro zayo nimbaraga bigenzurwa na electronics power isubiza umuvuduko.Batteri ni ibikoresho bitaziguye (DC), bityo amashanyarazi ya moteri yamashanyarazi arimo DC-AC inverter itanga stator hamwe numuyoboro wa AC ukenewe kugirango habeho ibintu byose byingenzi bihinduranya bizunguruka.

Ariko birakwiye kwerekana ko izo moteri nazo zitanga amashanyarazi, bivuze ko ibiziga bizasubiza inyuma rotor imbere muri stator, bigatuma umurima wa rukuruzi uzunguruka mu kindi cyerekezo, wohereza ingufu muri bateri ukoresheje AC-DC ihindura.

Iyi nzira, izwi nka feri yubuzima bushya, itera gukurura no gutinda ikinyabiziga hasi.Kuvugurura ntabwo ari intandaro yo kwagura ibinyabiziga by’amashanyarazi gusa, ahubwo ni n’ibivange bikora neza, kuko kuvugurura kwinshi kuzamura ubukungu bwa peteroli.Ariko mubyukuri, kuvugurura ntibikora neza nk "kuzunguruka imodoka," birinda gutakaza ingufu.

Imashini nyinshi za EV zishingiye kumashanyarazi yihuta kugirango igabanye umuvuduko hagati ya moteri niziga.Kimwe na moteri yaka imbere, moteri yamashanyarazi ikora neza kuri rpm nkeya kandi umutwaro mwinshi.

Mugihe EV ishobora kubona intera nziza hamwe nibikoresho bimwe, ipikipiki iremereye hamwe na SUV zikoresha imiyoboro myinshi yihuta kugirango yongere intera kumuvuduko mwinshi.

Imashini zikoresha ibikoresho byinshi ntibisanzwe, kandi uyumunsi, gusa Audi e-tron GT na Porsche Taycan ikoresha imiyoboro ibiri yihuta.

Ubwoko butatu bwa moteri

Yavutse mu kinyejana cya 19, rotor ya moteri ya induction igizwe nibice birebire cyangwa imirongo y'ibikoresho bitwara ibintu, cyane cyane umuringa ndetse rimwe na rimwe aluminium.Umuyoboro wa magnetiki uzunguruka utera umuyoboro muriyi mpapuro, nawo ugakora umurima wa electromagnetique (EMF) utangira kuzunguruka mu murima wa magneti uzunguruka.

Moteri ya induction yitwa moteri idafite imbaraga kuko umurima wa electromagnetique uterwa na torque yo kuzunguruka bishobora kubyara gusa mugihe umuvuduko wa rotor utinze inyuma yumuzingi wa magneti.Ubu bwoko bwa moteri burasanzwe kuko budakenera magneti-yisi kandi ntibihendutse kubikora.Ariko ntibashobora gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe kumitwaro iremereye, kandi mubisanzwe ntibikora neza kumuvuduko muke.

Moteri ya rukuruzi ihoraho, nkuko izina ribigaragaza, rotor yayo ifite magnetisme yayo kandi ntisaba imbaraga zo gukora umurima wa rukuruzi.Bakora neza kumuvuduko muke.Bene rotor nayo izunguruka icyarimwe hamwe na magnetique izunguruka ya stator, bityo yitwa moteri ya syncronous.

Ariko, gupfunyika rotor hamwe na magnesi bifite ibibazo byayo.Ubwa mbere, ibi bisaba magnesi manini, kandi hamwe nuburemere bwiyongereye, birashobora kugorana kugumana sync kumuvuduko mwinshi.Ariko ikibazo kinini nicyo bita umuvuduko mwinshi "inyuma ya EMF," yongera gukurura, kugabanya imbaraga zo hejuru-kandi ikabyara ubushyuhe burenze bushobora kwangiza magnesi.

Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, moteri nyinshi zamashanyarazi zihoraho zifite moteri zihoraho imbere (IPMs) zinyerera zibiri mumashanyarazi maremare ya V, atondekanye mumyanya myinshi munsi yubutaka bwicyuma cya rotor.

V-groove ituma magnesi zihoraho zifite umutekano kumuvuduko mwinshi, ariko zitera urumuri rwanga hagati ya magnesi.Imashini zikurura cyangwa zikururwa nizindi magneti, ariko kwanga bisanzwe, gukurura lobes ya rotor yicyuma kumurima uzunguruka.

Imashini zihoraho ziza gukina kumuvuduko muke, mugihe torque yo kwanga ifata kumuvuduko mwinshi.Prius ikoreshwa muriyi miterere.

Ubwoko bwa nyuma bwa moteri ishimishije-vuba aha yagaragaye mumodoka yamashanyarazi.Byombi byavuzwe haruguru ni moteri idafite brush.Ubwenge busanzwe buvuga ko moteri idafite amashanyarazi aribwo buryo bwonyine bushoboka kubinyabiziga byamashanyarazi.Kandi BMW iherutse kunyuranya nibisanzwe hanyuma ishyiraho moteri ya AC synchronous moteri ya moteri ya moderi nshya ya i4 na iX.

Rotor yubu bwoko bwa moteri ikorana numuzenguruko wa magneti uzunguruka wa stator, neza nka rotor ihoraho, ariko aho kugira magnesi zihoraho, ikoresha lobes esheshatu z'umuringa zikoresha ingufu ziva muri bateri ya DC kugirango ikore umurima wa elegitoroniki ukenewe .

Ibi bisaba impeta zo kunyerera hamwe na brux zo mu mpeshyi kugirango zishyirwe kuri rotor ya rotor, kuburyo abantu bamwe batinya ko brusse izambara kandi ikegeranya umukungugu hanyuma bakareka ubu buryo.Mugihe umurongo wa brush urimo uruzitiro rwihariye hamwe nigifuniko kivanwaho, hasigaye kureba niba kwambara brush ari ikibazo.

Kubura magnesi zihoraho birinda izamuka ryibiciro byubutaka budasanzwe ningaruka kubidukikije byamabuye y'agaciro.Iki gisubizo kandi gituma bishoboka guhindura imbaraga za magnetique yumurima wa rotor, bityo bigafasha kurushaho gukora neza.Nubwo bimeze bityo, guha ingufu rotor biracyakoresha imbaraga zimwe na zimwe, bigatuma moteri idakora neza, cyane cyane kumuvuduko muke, aho imbaraga zisabwa kugirango habeho imbaraga za magneti nigice kinini cyibikoreshwa byose.

Mu mateka magufi yimodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, moteri ya AC-syncron-moteri irashya cyane ni shyashya, kandi haracyari ibyumba byinshi byibitekerezo bishya byatera imbere, kandi harabaye impinduka zikomeye, nko kuba Tesla yimuka avuye mumyumvire ya moteri yinjira mumwanya uhoraho rukuruzi ya moteri.Kandi ntituri munsi yimyaka icumi mugihe cya EV igezweho, kandi turatangiye.


Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-21-2023