Tesla imaze gutangaza ko igisekuru kizaza cya moteri ihoraho ya moteri ikoreshwa mumashanyarazi yabo itazakoresha ibikoresho byubutaka bidasanzwe na gato!
Icyivugo cya Tesla: Ntibisanzwe isi ihora ikuraho burundu
ibi ni ukuri?
Mubyukuri, muri 2018, 93% byimodoka zamashanyarazi kwisi zashyizwemo ingufu za powertrain itwarwa na moteri ihoraho ya magneti ikozwe mubutaka budasanzwe.Muri 2020, 77% byisoko ryimodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi kwisi yose ikoresha moteri ihoraho.Indorerezi z’inganda zikoresha amashanyarazi zemeza ko kubera ko Ubushinwa bwabaye kimwe mu masoko manini y’imodoka n’amashanyarazi, kandi Ubushinwa bukaba bwaragenzuye cyane itangwa ry’ubutaka budasanzwe, ntibishoboka ko Ubushinwa buzava mu mashini zihoraho.Ariko Tesla imeze ite kandi ibitekerezaho ite? Muri 2018, Tesla yakoresheje moteri ya magnet ihoraho yashizwemo bwa mbere muri Model 3, mugihe yagumanye moteri ya induction kumurongo wambere.Kugeza ubu, Tesla ikoresha ubwoko bubiri bwa moteri mu modoka y’amashanyarazi ya Model S na X, imwe ni moteri idasanzwe ya moteri ihoraho kandi indi ni moteri yinjira.Moteri ya induction irashobora gutanga imbaraga nyinshi, kandi moteri ya induction hamwe na magnesi zihoraho zirakora neza kandi zirashobora kuzamura urwego rwo gutwara 10%.
Inkomoko ya moteri ihoraho Tuvuze kuri ibi, tugomba kuvuga uburyo moteri idasanzwe ya moteri ya magneti ihoraho yaje.Buriwese azi ko magnetism itanga amashanyarazi naho amashanyarazi atanga magnetisme, kandi kubyara moteri ntibishobora gutandukana numurima wa rukuruzi.Kubwibyo, hari inzira ebyiri zo gutanga umurongo wa magneti: kwishima hamwe na rukuruzi ihoraho. Moteri ya DC, moteri ya syncronous na moteri ntoya idasanzwe byose bisaba imbaraga za rukuruzi ya DC.Uburyo gakondo nugukoresha igiceri gifite ingufu (bita magnetiki pole) hamwe nicyuma kugirango ubone umurima wa magneti, ariko imbogamizi nini yubu buryo nuko ikigezweho gifite gutakaza ingufu mukurwanya coil (kubyara ubushyuhe), bityo bikagabanuka imikorere ya moteri no kongera ibiciro byo gukora. Muri iki gihe, abantu batekereje - niba hari umurima wa rukuruzi uhoraho, kandi amashanyarazi ntagikoreshwa mu kubyara magnetisme, noneho ubukungu bwubukungu bwa moteri buzanozwa.Ahagana mu myaka ya za 1980 rero, hagaragaye ibikoresho bitandukanye bya magneti bihoraho, hanyuma bigashyirwa kuri moteri, bikora moteri ihoraho.
Ntibisanzwe isi ihoraho moteri ya magneti ifata iyambere Nibihe bikoresho bishobora gukora magnesi zihoraho?Abakoresha benshi batekereza ko hari ubwoko bumwe gusa bwibikoresho.Mubyukuri, hari ubwoko bune bwingenzi bwa magneti bushobora kubyara umurima wa magneti uhoraho, aribyo: ceramic (ferrite), aluminium nikel cobalt (AlNiCo), samarium cobalt (SmCo) na neodymium fer boron (NdFeB).Imashini idasanzwe ya neodymium magnetique irimo terbium na dysprosium yakozwe hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa Curie, butuma bashobora guhangana nubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa dogere 200 ° C.
Mbere ya za 1980, ibikoresho bya magneti bihoraho byari ferrite ihoraho na magnetiki ya alnico ihoraho, ariko imikoreshereze yibi bikoresho ntabwo ikomeye cyane, bityo umurima wa rukuruzi wabyaye urakomeye.Ntabwo aribyo gusa, ahubwo imbaraga zagahato zubwoko bubiri bwa magneti zihoraho ziri hasi, kandi iyo zimaze guhura numurima wa rukuruzi zo hanze, zirahita zigira ingaruka kandi zikanagabanuka, bikabuza iterambere rya moteri zihoraho. Reka tuvuge kuri magneti zidasanzwe.Mubyukuri, isi idasanzwe ya magneti igabanijwemo ubwoko bubiri bwa magneti zihoraho: isi idasanzwe yumucyo nisi idasanzwe.Ubutaka budasanzwe ku isi bugizwe na 85% by'ubutaka budasanzwe na 15% by'ubutaka budasanzwe.Iheruka itanga ubushyuhe bwo hejuru buringaniye bukoreshwa na moteri nyinshi.Nyuma ya za 1980, imbaraga-zidasanzwe zidasanzwe isi isanzwe ya magnet-NdFeB ihoraho yagaragaye. Ibikoresho nkibi bifite remanence yo hejuru, kimwe nubusumbane bukabije n’umusaruro w’ingufu, ariko muri rusange ubushyuhe bwa Curie burenze ubundi.Imashini idasanzwe ya moteri ya magnet ihoraho ikozwe muri yo ifite ibyiza byinshi, nko gukora neza, nta coil ishimishije, bityo rero nta gutakaza ingufu zishimishije;ugereranije na magnetiki ihindagurika yegereye iy'imashini yo mu kirere, igabanya inductance ya moteri kandi igateza imbere imbaraga.Nukuri kuberako ubwinshi bwimbaraga nubushobozi bwa moteri idasanzwe ya magneti yisi ihoraho hariho ibishushanyo byinshi bitandukanye bya moteri yo gutwara amashanyarazi, kandi izwi cyane ni moteri idasanzwe ya moteri ihoraho. Tesla arashaka kwikuramo Biterwa nubutaka budasanzwe bwabashinwa?
Buriwese azi ko Ubushinwa butanga igice kinini cyubutunzi budasanzwe kwisi.Amerika nayo yabibonye mu myaka yashize.Ntibashaka guhagarikwa n'Ubushinwa mu gutanga isi idasanzwe.Biden rero, nyuma yuko Biden atangiye imirimo, yagerageje kongera uruhare rwe muburyo budasanzwe bwo gutanga isi.Nibimwe mubyihutirwa byifuzo bya tiriyari 2 z'amadorali.Depite Materials yaguze ikirombe cyafunzwe mbere muri Californiya muri 2017, irahatanira kugarura urwego rwo muri Amerika rutanga amasoko adasanzwe, hibandwa kuri neodymium na praseodymium, kandi yizera ko ruzatanga umusaruro uhendutse.Lynas yahawe inkunga na leta yo kubaka uruganda rutunganya ubutaka rudasanzwe muri Texas kandi ifite andi masezerano y’ikigo gikomeye cyo gutandukanya isi muri Texas.Nubwo Amerika yashyizeho ingufu nyinshi, abantu bo mu nganda bemeza ko mu gihe gito, cyane cyane mu bijyanye n’ibiciro, Ubushinwa buzakomeza umwanya wiganje mu gutanga isi idasanzwe, kandi Amerika ntishobora kunyeganyeza na gato.
Birashoboka ko Tesla yabibonye, maze batekereza gukoresha magnesi zihoraho zidakoresha isi idasanzwe na moteri.Iki nigitekerezo gitinyutse, cyangwa urwenya, ntiturabimenya.Niba Tesla iretse moteri ya magneti ihoraho hanyuma igasubira kuri moteri ya induction, ibi ntabwo bisa nkuburyo bwabo bwo gukora ibintu.Kandi Tesla irashaka gukoresha moteri ya magneti ihoraho, kandi ikareka burundu isi idasanzwe ya magneti ahoraho, bityo rero haribintu bibiri bishoboka: kimwe nukugira ibisubizo bishya kuri ceramic yumwimerere (ferrite) na AlNiCo magnesi zihoraho, Iya kabiri nuko magnesi zihoraho zakozwe na ibindi bikoresho bidasanzwe byisi bivanze nabyo birashobora gukomeza ingaruka nkisi idasanzwe ya rukuruzi ihoraho.Niba atari ibi bibiri, noneho Tesla birashoboka gukina nibitekerezo.Da Vukovich, perezida wa Alliance LLC, yigeze kuvuga ati: "bitewe n'ibiranga isi idasanzwe, nta bindi bikoresho bya rukuruzi bishobora guhuza imbaraga zabo zikomeye.Ntushobora rwose gusimbuza isi idasanzwe ”.
Tutitaye ku kuba Tesla ikina n’ibitekerezo cyangwa ishaka rwose kwikuramo bitewe n’ubutaka budasanzwe bw’Ubushinwa mu bijyanye na moteri zihoraho, umwanditsi yizera ko umutungo w’ubutaka udasanzwe ari uw'agaciro cyane, kandi tugomba kubateza imbere mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro, kandi tukishyura byinshi kwitondera ibisekuruza bizaza.Muri icyo gihe, abashakashatsi bakeneye kongera imbaraga mu bushakashatsi.Ntitukavuge niba formulaire ya Tesla ari nziza cyangwa atari nziza, byibuze yaduhaye ibitekerezo na inspirations.